Vp}i¨
: p{nzto¶m{Õm{T{¨N¼d{Ô øb¶û AÛN{p{¨^b}m{¨n¨ Zm¥Á, CëËze¦ p{=Z¡ AÛN{ø¨_{ b¶q}no¾ _{p{¨ N¾zt= Im{Õm{T{¨N¼d{Ô d}Úp{¨ p{Úp{Ñztn¨ (N¾Ëm{¨n¨) Bø. @c¢N{¬_{ Dm¾£ed+ p{nzt m{W|Úc¢ze_{¨n¨, T¼m{j}Z¨b}m{¨n¨ Al{¨| b¶q}no¾ ztßb¶ûl{¨ d}Úl{¨ ztk{n_¾ ðø¨Ð_{= o¶N{¨=\} ztßW|î d¶m{Ðzt¨nd{¨ øT}m¢=ç úx¢=T¶ ðø¨Ð_{= Im{Õm{T{¨N¼d{Ô u»=_{ N¾Ëm{¨n¨ Bø. AÛN{ø¨_{ b¶q}n d}Úl{¨ ztk{n p{¨¨=b{¨ üV¹m² øT}m{^o¾ f}Ão¼d{Z|ðN¢ p}m{¨ @p{p{¨|d{N{m{=Q} k{ø=T{\{= p{Þn BZ¨p{=Z¡ £tßl{¨ N¾Ëm{¨nd{¨ p}m{¨ d²nN¼n¨ÕN{¨d}Ôm{¨. @l¨_¶ Ûzeze=T{p{¨=_{Z| Bø Bze¦Õ\{¨ m{Ò¹b²d}l¨.Ûzeq{Ô 76
: d¶_}ì @b{¬q{Ú= N}p{\{= p²d{N{ Dd{Ô m{zvztÚp¶¨ø¨Z¾ T²ze¦_}m}?Vp}i¨
: ù¨m¶p{¨=Z¨d}Ôm¾ d}N{¨ _²öl{¨\{= o¶b{¨. d}N{¨ _²ö~t=b{Þo| Al{¨d{ ~tN{¨Áo|Q} p¶zr= c{m¢=ç N}m{¨o¾ ˵tzrd{¨N{¨ p²ýä @N{Á\{ ¹m²n¨ HN}Á\{ð. j²=Q}o+ o¾d¶ HN{Á\¾ Bb¢ Vm¢Q¢=b¢. A _{m}ß_{ ¹N²im+ N{d{¨p{¨ b}ßm} Al{¨d{ N}iªo+, N}=b{üm+ T¶m}\{ð f½îzvÚ=. @=_¶ N}ð A m{zvztÚp¶¨ø¨Z¾ p{¨|N{¨ _²÷b{¨ (1942).Ûzeq{Ô 77
: N}=ÛQ¶zt¨ @c{Úx{ HðÔN{no¾ d¶_}ì ø¨p{¨¨ÙöÔ L\¢=T}m{¨. ù¨N{ª Al{¨d{N{ª p{¨c{Ú D=\¶ @ôÛf}l{¨ p{Ú_}Úzt= Iø¨Z¡?Vp}i¨
: BZ¤p{n T{m¢Û_{ p{¨| Ab{m{à k¶b}nd{¨ p{¨m¢=_{ ztÕËzr=Q} p{ÚÐN{= T¶~t=b¢. Al{¨d{ Ab{m{à= ÛòZ¤zr¨p}m¢ð l{¨¨Ób{ m{=Q{=o¾ zem}ë_{¨nd{¨ T¶l{¨|nð. N}ð p{¨| Aq{l{¨= ÛòZ¤zr¨p}m¢ð Ab{m{à m{^m{=Q{=o¾ L\¢=T}nð. C m²=\{¨ b{¬N{Õa}no¾d{© u}c{d}n¨ p¶m{¨ p¶m{¨. @l¨_¶ d¶_}ì k}m{ïl{¨ Dd{Ô_{ _}îßN{ k{ªø¨N{nd{¨, p}Z¡ D_{¬ÁËzr_{d{¨ øq{ß~t=T{m{ð N}b{¨ b¥d{Óm{=. H=_{ _{ßm{Q} C øb¶û f}nd{d{¨ @=_{p²¨¨=b¢=T}o| @ð Al{¨d{ _{zv _{zvo|\{¨_{¨d}Ôm{ð b¥ð k}p{=. KN{Á x{^= N{ª\} BN{ ÛòZ¤zr¨ f}nd{ N¼d{u}Q{\{= Al{¨d{N{¨ H=_{ p{¨|Û_{= BËzr= o¶b{¨. @b¥ Al{¨d{ _¼=b{m{. p{¨| @ôÛf}l{¨|no¾ Dd{Ô p{Ú_}Úzt= Bb¶. u}c{d}n øzrl{¨=o¾ p{¨| W|ÛQ{Ð_{, zgö_{= zeÞZd¶ Al{¨©d{ AN}=x{.Ûzeq{Ô 78
: N}=ÛQ¶*t f}Ëm¥ ð=\} Vø¨=b}m{¨n¨ @_{Úc¢N{ zt=OÚo¾ Dd}Ôm{ð 'N}Ûp¶¨\{© n=Z¨d}Ôm{¨? Bb¢ ðVp¶¨d}?Vp}i¨
: C Ûzeq{Ô @\{Q{Z=o¾ ù¨ DÒb¶q{p¶¨ø¨Z¾ d}N{¨ _²ö~tf½_{ªd¶ Dd{Ôb¢. N}=ÛQ¶zt¨ f}Ëm¥ð Vù¨=b}m{¨n¨ f½~rÐzt¨d}Ôm{ð ù¨ k}p{=. b¥ðÔ d¶d{¨ N}b{d{d{¨. N¼=b{m{¨ Vù¨=b}m{¨n¨ N}=ÛQ¶zt¨ f}Ëm¥ð @=\{ b{=\{n¨ T¶N{ªm{¨Ðzt¨d{Ô p{¨|Z @_{Ú=_{ zt_{Ú=. B_{m{¨n¨ _}p²¨=_{ b¶q{ k{ÐN{¨np{¨ð @d{¨N{¨=Z|m¾ C Vù¨=b}m{¨n¨ N{ª\} A b¶q{ k{ÐN{¨nN{¨ Iù¨ ï~tf½m{¨. p}w{§ä N}=ÛQ¶zt¨ p}m{¨ N}p{\{= Iù¨ _{ze¦Õ N}b{¨ N}ð I¹b²d} b¾zr= @=Z© p}m¢o¾ D=b¢ @=Z· @b¢ N}=ÛQ¶Izt¨ ±eÒb{nN{¨ \{ò×çÆ p{¨©N{ Dp{¨Ù\¢Q} f}Ëm¥ ztk{Ú_{ß m{¨zt¨p{¨¨ b}ßm} f}Ëm¥ ztk{¨Únd{¨ T¶m¢Õ=T{\}ðN¢ ztül{¨ ze\{Zp¶¨. JçÆN{=Q} Hp{m{=_{Z p}m{¨ C m{¨zt¨p{¨¨ T²Þö=ç f}Ëm¥ ztk{Ú_{ß= f»=b{Z= ztii¨ N}ð BÞZ| _{=\} ztk{Ú_{ß= ztii¨ N}b{¨. @l¨_¶ p{¨m¢ C Vù¨=b}Þm{¨ BÞZ| H=b{¨N{¨ T¶Ðzt¨d}Ôm{=Z· N}=ÛQ¶zt¨ f}Ëm¥o¾ _{p{¨ ÛzezeN{= ±e=T{¨N¾p{\}ðN¶. Bb¢ @_{Ù zv_}Ú ztb{¬q{p{¨ð p}m¢N¢ _²öl{¨\{= o¶b{¨. N}=ÛQ¶zt¨d{¨ _{p{¨ T¶_{¨Þo¾ D=T{¨N¾p{\}ðN¢ p{¨¨=b{¨ p{¨¨=b{¨ _{p{¨ zei×= Q{\{¨ze¦N¾p{\}ðN¶ p}w{©ä BZ¨p{=Z¡ f½N{\{n¨ f½_{¨d}Ôm{¨. @l¨_¶ N{p{¨©ÚðËzr¨n¨ N{ª\} BZ¨p{=Z¡ f}zeze¦ zed{¨n¨ T¶Ðztªd¶ Dd}Ôm{¨. p}w·äù¨ ø¨d{ül¨=ze¦ N}b{¨.Ûzeq{Ô 79
: A=Ûc{¨nd}Ô A=Ûc{ b¶q{p{¨d}Ô Q}=c¥ìN¢ Q¼zeÕ ztb{ôÛf}l{¨= o¶d{ÞZ¨ KN{ p{b{=î D=b}? C p{b{=î ðV= N}N{f½_¶ 1939 o¼ zeËZô LZø¨ d} LZp¶¨ @ð ÛzeN{Z¡=çd{ Q}=c¥ì Bze¦Õ\{¨ N}=ÛQ¶zt¨ @c{Úx{Ú zeb{øN¢ ù¨m{¨d²=b{¨N{¨ Ûzeîf}b¢=T{o¶b{¨?Vp}i¨
: j}Q{¨=b¢. Hp{m¢N¢ @ãm{¹p²¨d{ ÛzeîÌzr p}m¢N¢ nôÐzt¨=b¢. b¶q}ð¹N²d} p{ÚÐN¢¹N²d} Bb¢ H=_¶ p{Ðm¢Ðzt¨=b¢. A=Ûc{¨no¾ m}VN¥l{¨ d}l{¨N{¨no¾ Ûzeî KN{Ám{ª _{d{N{¨ _}d¶ Q¼zeÕ d}l{¨N{¨Ï^ð, _}d¶ @_{Ú=_{ Ûzep{¨¨O p{ÚÐN¢ @d{¨N{¨=Z|\{ñ Q}=c¥ìN¢ @ôp{Ïm¢=çd{ p{¨|Z p}Ðztp{p¶¨. Kze¦ÕN¾N{ _{zeÕð KN{ Q¼zeÕ b{¨Ãm{¨^= A=Ûc{¨n Ûzep{¬Ðîo¾d¶ D=b¢. @b¶p{¨=Z· Ñu}ðN{=Q} Q¾m{=_{ @ôÛf}l{¨ k¶b{= (øp}b{=) N{öQ¢d} b}ð N¾zt= p{=b{n¨ p{=b{n¨ (ðV=Q} p{=b{n p²¨¨Ð_{=o¾) \{i¨× Om{¨Æ T¶~t ~gm{Úb{¨n¨ T¶Ðu}m{¨. Z³öÛQ}p{¨¨n¨ N¼\{_}m{¨. _{p{¨o¾ _}p{¨¨ zem{ztÕm{ b{ªzr^nN{¨ ze«d{¨N¼=Z|m{¨. Hb{¨Z¡ p}m¢¹±e i~vm{=Q{=Q} i¨m{b{ T{Þn¨_}m{¨. Q¼m{=_{n¨ N¼=\{=_{n¨ T¶~t çnp{n¨ zenp{n¨ @Þö ¹±ep}m¢N¢ ðp¶b¢N{n¨ ze=ze¦_}m{¨. Ûze_{ÚÓm¢ð Ho|¹d²d} k{=Q{ zem{T}nd{Ôb¶ p}m¢ d{©Z¡N¢ d{©m{¨ f}w{ä c¶Úl{¨=. Bb¢ d} zem¢ûnd+ @d{¨N{¨d¶m{¨. Ûzep{¨¨O Ñu}d}no¾ Dd{Ô ±eÒb{ p}m{¨ d}_¾ T²~eÕd{ øzrl{¨|nd¶ ù¨N{¨ T²ze¦_{¨d}Ôd{¨. d{ 25 zt=p{_{âm}n @d{¨k{p{=o¾ HZ¨p{=Z¡ KN{Á @ôl²©Q{= N{ª\} p{m¢Á=Q+ N{ø¨Z¤ (N}m{Ú ðm}ßzvN{ zt=zR=) p{¨¨=b{¨ m}o¶b{¨. p{¨d{= p{¨d{ ztp{¨ztÚnd{¨ ÑztðN{=Q}d¶ ztÒm{¨j}Z¨ T¶zt¨N¾p{Z= d¶m{¨ÆN¾p}ö. BN{ ù¨ Ûzeq{Ôo¾ m²=\¾ k}Q{=. 1939 o¾ Q{=c¥ì d} Q{¨m¢=ç ÛzeîÌzr_{ÙN{¹p²¨d{ @Z¨p{=Z¡ ÛzeN{Zd{ T¶~t Dd{ÔzeÕZ¡N¥ Bze¦Õ\{¨ N}=ÛQ¶*t @c{Úx{ zeb{øN¢ d} µem{¨ H=b{¨N{¨ H=~eN{ T¶l{¨o¶b{ð N{b} ù¨ øçN¢_{â. d¶d{d{¨N{¨=Z|d{¨ C øzrl{¨=o¾ Q}=c¥ìd¶ zem¥x¢=\{= p{¨=çb{ð. @b{ÞZ| D=ç Q}=c¥ì d{d{¨Ô ~eöç _{d{ p²¨¨ÃQ{¨ Cu}m¢ N{¬zenñì zeÞZ Dd{ÔÞZ¨ T²zeÕm{¨. @=Z· Ip{¨d{Ô p{¨|Z. d{d{¨Ô f½Z¤ T¶l{¨p{Òb{d{Ô p{¨|Z· N{b}! ðW|ðN¢ C f½Z¤o¾ D=\}nð d¶d²ze¦Õ\{© @d{¨N¾o¶b{¨. µtÔ~v_{¨n¨ ]¢Þ÷N¢ h»d+ T¶~t d{d{¨Ô ÛzeîÔT{p{¨ð T²~eÕd{ze¦Õ\{¨ d¶d{¨ b{¬c{=Q} ðm}N{m¢=T}d{¨. @=_{Z¡_¾ A ÛzeÐu}p{d{ p{¨¨Q¢~t=b¢.Ûzeq{Ô 80
: BN{Á\{ T}o| zen¨N{¨ i\¢ Q{n N}=ÛQ¶*t Ûzep{¨¨O¨o¼N{m{¨ d{Þn iW|m{¨ p}Úf}m{= W¾m{¨Q} u}Q¢Ðzt¨d}Ôm{¨. C øzrl{¨=o¾ ù¨m}l{¨d{=N{¨ BT¶Æ ztnü Iø¨Z¡?Vp}i¨
: @_{\¢N¢ d¶ðT¶Æ KN¶ KN{ ztnü @Z¨p{=Z¡ _{ze¦Õ\{¨ zeðN¢ f}nÕ\{p{Òb{d¶. @b¥ N}N{ @_{Ï^¡ j}Q} m{T{ÆN¥\}ßö. p²öp¶l{¨|ö. HðÔN{ b}ßm} f»=b¶ HZ¨p{=Z¡ zeb{øN¥ @_{Ï^¡ @d{ãm{¨Ï^¡ T¶l{¨|ö. d{Þn iW|m{¨ p{Ðm{N{¨n=b{m¢N¥ @=b{¨o¾d{© p{¨¨OÚ=Q} µeb{ ÛzeVn zt=x¶p{¨|ðN¢ f}Z¨ ze\{¨_{¨d{ÔÞZ¨ d{Z¡=T¶ N}=ÛQ¶zt¨p}m¢Q} T²o|p{¨^¡ @p{¦_{¨d{Ô p{ÚÐN{¨nN{¨ T}n N{[¢d{ úx{ øc¢=T}ö. @Z¨p{=Z¡ p}w{§ä zv¬b{l{¨ ø£vd{¨n¨. p}w{ä zeÞZ HZ¨p{=Z¡ b{l{¨|b}x¢^}Ún¨ T{ªzeN{ª\{b{¨. p}w{§ä Bm{¨Q{¨ f»m{¨Q{¨ p}m¢ zeÐzt¨n¹±ed}, p}w{ä b{¨m{Øm{ b{l{¨ñl{¨ ìø_}n¹±ed{ @c}m{ ze\¢ zt¨O zt=_¾s}n¨ f»=b{¨_}m{¨. p}w{ä o¶ø¨ ùw{äN{¨ N{öø¨. p}w{ä T}p{¦ ùw{äN{¨ i_{¨N{¨.Ûzeq{Ô 81
: ù¨m{ÞZ¾ 1946 p{ zt=p{_{âm{=o¾ N}=ÛQ¶*t @c{Úx{ zeb{øN¢ ø¨p{¨¨ÙöÔ N}N{ N{¬zeo|ð Q}=c¥Q}m{¨ @ôp{¨|ð=çd{ p{¨|Z ðVp¶¨d}? H=b{¨p{Þn?Vp}i¨
: ðVp¶¨. @l¨_¶ B=b{¨N{¨ N}m{^}o¶ø¨Z¾ ù¨m{¨ Q}=c¥ Q}m¢d¶ @\{Q}ö. @l¨_¶ ù¨m¼N{ øzrl{¨= _²n¨zt¨N¾p}ö. Q{=c¥ìN¢ N{¬zeo|ñì T}=zem}d+ zt_}ÚÛQ{zv= m¾índ{¨=T¶ _²n¨zt¨, @b¢ (1917) ±t˱e=j²Þm¾d¶ d} p{¬Ðîð È_{Úë=T}d{¨ N}ð d} Q{¨m¢=ç o¾N}ðN¢ _²öl{¨b{¨.Ûzeq{Ô 82
: d}d+ N¾zem¶zrd+ (ztül{¨ ðm}N{m{^=) øzgn¹p²¨=b{ð _²ö~t N{ª\} ø¨p{¨¨ÙöÔ A Ûzel{¨_{Ô= b}ßm}d¶ p{¨¨=b{¨N{¨ u}Q}nð ù¨m{¨ H=b{¨N{¨ j¾c¢Ðzt¨d}Ôm{¨?Vp}i¨
: p²¨¨b{ÞZ¾d¶ ù¨ ðÏm{l{¨= p¶¨p{¨¨ Kze¦ÕN¾p{¨¨. @~v=u} Db{Úp{¨|no¾ @ztn¨ ¹p²zgnÚp{¨=Z© Iù¨ D=\{b{¨. @~v=u}l{¨¨_{ Db{Úp{¨=o¾ p{¨¨=b{¨N{¨ u}Q¶ Ûzeî @\{¨Q{ª øb¶û zem¢f}nN{ ~t=üztd{= d{¨=ç KN¼ÁN{Á èn _¼nQ¢=çd{ÞZ© u}Ûp{¨|í|p}b{ q{p{µeZ¡N{N{¨ KN¼ÁN{Á p¶¨N{¨ òQ¢=çd{ÞZ© k{ø=T}ö. in=Q} b{¬]{=Q} f}_{¨N¼ð f½l¨d{ KN{ Ðzt=k}ðÔ £eN¢ p¶l{¨\}ðN¢ T¶µt Ûzel{¨_{Ô=o¾ @î N{Ëzr= ù¨b{ @b¢ @Z© BZ© ztßnÕ=Q} p{¨|Û_{p¶¨ N{b{n\{= p{Þn Hp{m{ª ðm}q{ ze\{m{¨ N{b}! KN{ h¿=Z³d+ ±ed+ ÛztªÁ ø\{b¥µt Ûzel{¨_{Ô=o¾ ù¨N{¨ KN{ zeËZ|d{ @b¢ o¼=Q{N{ f½p{T{¨Æ N}ð A N¢Z¨N{¨ _²ö~td{ p}w{äN{b¢ BËZ· p{T¶ÆÐzt¨=b¢. A zeð Cze¦Õ\¼ ze«Ðm{l¨Ú=b¢. N}ð ù¨N{¨ d{p{¨ÙN{= o¶b{¨.(_}.N{) ù¨m¶ T{ªq}m{¨ 1947 o¾ ztül{¨ ðm}N{m{^¾b{Úp{¨= zgö_}n¨ Aú=çd{b}ðN{d}Ô ø¨d{ÔQ} ~tÓb¢=T{\{=. ù¨ ±em{\{¨o¾ KN{ p{¨|ø¨\¢Z³=N{ f}_}m{d{¨N{¨=b}=. d}n¨Q{¨ zt=p{_{âm}n¨ @b¢ j}Q} ±em¢Q¢ _{m}ß_{ ze«_{ p{Ðzt¨=b¢. Jb¾ zt=p{_{âm{=o¾ @b¢ N}l{¨b{¨, ze=\{b{¨. N}iËZ¡ Am¾ zt=p{_{âm{=o¾ ù¨m{¨ b}ð d{m¢N¢ f»l¨Úo¾ ±eËZ¨N{¨=Z|m}? I\¾ zt=p{_{âm{=o¾d¾ Hðø¨b¾ zt=p{_{âm{=o¾d¾ @b¢ j}Q} ze«_{ ze\{¨_{¨=b¢, ze=Þ\{© BÐzt¨=b¢.
Ûzeq{Ô 83
: ù¨N{¨ N{ª_{¨w{ä=Z· HN{¨Áp{ BËzrp{¨|? N¼\{¨N{¨n=Z· HN{¨Áp{ BËzrp{¨|?Vp}i¨
: Bb¢ T}o| çN{¨Á Ûzeq{Ô. @ztn¨ C m{N{¹p²¨d{ _{n=µe zeðN¢ m}b{¨. ù¨N{¨ _²ö~t D=Z¨=b¢. N¢=Q+ öl{¨m+ _{d{ N{ª_{¨w{äd{¨ @\¢Q¢d{ Ûzeq{Ô. Al{¨d{ _{d{ N{ª_{¨w{§ä Q¾d²m²o+, b¢Q}d+, N}Ëm¢öl{¨|nd{¨ ù¨o¾ Hp{m{¨ d{d{¨Ô @_{Úc¢N{=Q} @ôp{¨|ðÐu}m{ð @\¢Q}\{¨. ±eÒb{ p}ýäÒb{m{ª KN{m¢_¾ KN{m{¨ d¶d¶, d¶d¶ @ð f½Z¤n¨ zeÍ\}m{¨. N}ð p{¨©\¾ @p{¨|Ùl¨ @ztn¨ ±eb{ø øzeÕd¶ o¶b{¨. Ûµep{¨|ôp{¨|d}n¨ @d¶ø @=Q{\¢ztm{¨N{¨ N}b{¨ _{ªT{\}ðN¥, N¼np{\}ðN¥. A _{n=ze¦ @ðp}m{^=. @=_{Z| Ûzeztm¢Ðztªd¶ @b¢ ïl{¨ð _{nze¦n zt¨Q{=c{ zem¢p{¨w{ ztø¨Ùý_{=. B=_{ð, B=î=_{ð j}m{n¨ p{¨©m{n¨Q} N¼np{d{nøQ}ðb¢.Ûzeq{Ô 84
: ù¨ µeb{m¢N{ze¦ m¾índ{¨ È~@d{zeN{= T¶zt¨N¾p{\{= ù¨N{¨ m{¨çÐzt¨=b}?Vp}i¨
: L*v! _{zeÕN{¨=\}d{¨. A m¾índ{¨ _{nT{¨N¾p{\}ðN¢ d¶d¶ù¨ ò\¢l{¨ze\{d{¨. A m¾índ{¨ _{nT{¨N{¨=Z· d¶d²=_¾ Q{m{ßze\{_}d{¨. p}Z¡ð Q{¨Ðm{¨ T¶zt¨N{¨ð DÞo|zt= f»=b{¨_}d{¨. øVl{¨= f»=b¢d{ÞZ¨ k}øÐu}d{¨. µeb{m¢N{= f}zep{¨© N}b{¨. d¶m{p{¨© N}b{¨. b}ðÔ @c¢Q{ø¨=çd{ze¦Õ\{¨ ñ p²d{N{ KN{ T{m¢Û_{ m{ªze¦ b¢Òb{¨N{¨=Z¨=b¢. ñp{¦ T{m¢Û_{ ðm¢Ù=çd{ p}\{p{p{¦_}p{¦. ðW|ðN¢ j}ðzto¶ ztß_{=Û_{Ú= u}c¢=T{¨N{¨=Z|m{¨. AN{ö çT{¨Æ, K=Z¡N¢ iËZo¶N{f½p{\{=, p}Úc¢ j}c{ Q{n µeb{o¶ Vl¨=ç ðni\{Q{n¨Q{¨_}m{¨. p}w·ä ðW|ðN¢ T{m¢Û_{d{¨ zt¬Ë~rÐu}m{¨. µeb{m¢N{=, j}ðzt_{ß=, m{¨W|ÛQ{Ðzt_{ p}w{äd{¨ zem¢ze«Ïm{¨nd{¨ T¶Ðzt¨=b¢. p}w·ä ðV¹p²¨d{ T{m¢Û_{ zt¬Ë~rN{Ðm{n¨. µeb{m¢N{=, b}ztÚ=, m{¨Q{Ù_{n¨ o¶N{f½_¶ T{m¢Û_¶ o¶b{¨. T{m¢Û_{d{¨ zt¬Ë~r=T¶ p}m{¨ _{p{¨ p{¨©n zeb}Óm}ðÔ øztÙm¢=T{N{ª\{b{¨. N{¨p{¨Ùm¢ i=N{ p{¨ËZ¡ð p{¨m¢çf½p{\{=, T²ze¦Õn¨ N{¨ËZ· p{ÚÐN¢ _¾w{äd{¨, T{m}Ùnd{¨ p{¨m¢çf½p{\{=o|=Z¡b¢. T{m¢Û_{ zt¬Ë~rN{Ðm{n¨ _{p{¨ p{¨¨\¢ zeb}Óm}ðÔ p{¨m¢çf½p{\{=.Ûzeq{Ô 85
: B=\¢l{¨|o¾ 'N}£g' Hze¦Õ\{¨ Ûzep¶ú=ç=b¢?Vp}i¨
: 1862 o¾ @b¢ _¼öu}m¢ zem¢T{l{¨= @l¨=b¢. 'p{¨N}Á' ïÑm{ l{¨|Û_} zem{¨n b}ßm} Bb¢ zt=k{ø=ç=b¢. p}w{§ä f}b{ T}m{¨¹o² 'p{¨N}Á' l{¨|Û_{ T¶Ðzt¨=\{Q} 'N}£g' p}w{äN{¨ j}Q} DzeN{m¢=ç=b¢. p}w{©ä B=b¢l{¨N{¨ îm¢Q¢ p{çÆd{ _{m{¨p}_{ A @np}Z¨d{¨ p{¨m¢=_{ p{¬Ób¢ T¶zt¨N{¨d}Ôm{¨. m}Û_{¨w{§ä N{ze¦Õn¨ N{ze¦Õn¨ 'N}£g' µtøÐztª ze¦Ë~rñ DÞo|u}ñÔ f»=b{¨_{ª D=\¶p}w{§ä. ¹p²d}\{¨o¾ð KN{ p{¨£tb{¨o¾ p}w{§ä p²¨¨b{Z¡ N}£g øÐ_{d{= d}Z¡ p²¨¨N{Á p²¨¨ö~e=T}m{¨. @b¢ BzeÕZ¡N¥ D=b{ð N¼=b{m{=Z|m{¨. @N{Á\¢ðd{¨=ç @b¢ ¹p²¨ztªm¢N¢ f}N¢=b¢. 1898-1899 o¾ d¶d{¨ p{¨Ûb}zt¨o¾ ó.I. T{b{¨p{¦N{¨d¶ m¾íno¾ C N}£g HN{Á\} N{ðÕ=T¶b¢ N}b{¨. @zeÕZ¡N¢ b¥ðÔ Hp{m{ª Hm{¨Q{m{¨. N}ð d¶d{¨ p²¨\¢N{o+ N}o¶ìo¾ T{b¢p¶ m¾ín¨ p{T¶Æztm¢N¢ øb}ÚÓm¢o¾N{=o¾ N}£g µtp{d{= ÛN{p{¨=Q} ±em{¨Q{¨_{ª p{çÆ=b¢. 1915 p{ zt=p{_{âm{= d{¨=ç (p²¨¨b{Z¡ Ûzeze=T{ l{¨¨Ób{=) p{¨m¢=_{ AN{ám{^¡l{¨=Q} @b¢ ÛzeT}m{=o¾N¢ p{çÆ=b¢. p{Úp{u}l{¨ zem¢q¼c{d{ zt=Ñzt @Vp{¨|l¨£ro¾ Bze¦Õ\{¨ Aö=\¢l{¨| N}£g j¾Ím{¨ zeð T¶Ðzt¨d{Ôb¢. Aö=\¢l{¨| N}Zd+ j¾Ím{¨, Aö=\¢l{¨| Al¨o+ j¾Ím{¨ p²¨¨b{¹o²d{ p}Z¡N¢ N}£g j¾Ím{¨ _¾i¨ËZ¨ zt=Ñzt. N}£g j¾Ím{¨ p}m{¨ N}£g Q{¬ünd{¨ ]¢Þ÷o¾d{©, Vl{¨ze«Þm¾d{© B=N} B_{m{T¾ÞZ| Ûf}m{=ô=T}m{¨. b{x¢^}b¢ d{¨=ç Ûj}ën¨Á 'N}£g' HQ{¨p{¨_{¨n¨ N{ª\} u}Q{¨_{¨d}Ôl{¨=Z|m{¨. b{x¢^ b¶q}ðN¢ p{¨|Û_{= @=_{N{¨ p{¨¨¹±eÖ Iw{ä p{¨¨=b¶ 'Z¤' (_¶ñm{¨) zem¢T{l{¨¹p²¨=b¢. ðW|ðN¢ 'Z¤' b¶ûl{¨¹p²¨d{ D_{ÕÐ_¶. H=_¾ N}np{¨¨Ô=è @b¢ @ztâ=o¾ u}Q{p{¦_{ªd¶ D=b¢.Ûzeq{Ô 86
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: ù¨ Ûzeq{Ô d}N{¨ KN{ m{zvb}m¢ ±vT{Æm¢N{ ztªT{d{ zgnN{ðÔ Q{¨Ðm{¨N{¨ _²Ðzt¨d{Ôb¢. A d¾Z¤zt¨ j¾Ím{¨ p{¨Ûb}zt¨ d{Q{m{=o¾d¶ T{ªq}d{¨. 'N}m¼Õm¶zrd+ Û¹\²d¶ì zed{¨n¨ p²¨¨b{¹o²d}l¨, d²p{¨Ùb¢Q} u}Q{¨p{¨©. A d¾Z¤zt¨ @Óm{= d}N{¨ ztm¢ÃQ{ j¾c{ze\{o¶b{¨. N}m{¨ Û¹\²p{Þm{¨ d²p{¨Ùb¢Q} _{p{¨ p}zvd}n¨ d{\{f}o|? o¶N{ A zed{¨n¨ d{Ð_{ d{\{N{d{ u}Q¢=T}o|? @ð b}ð @Óm{p²© d{N{ze¦Õ\{¨ _²öl{¨o¶b{¨. Ib¢ I¹p²¨_¶d¶= A zed{¨n¨ p{¨|Û_{= T}o| N}n= u}Q}l¨.Ûzeq{Ô 87
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: f}N¢Ðu}Þd¾ N{ª\} ~v=b{¨p{¦n¨=Z|m{¨. ze=W|i¨o¾ p{¨¨Þ~tp{¨¨n zt=OÚ 51 q}_{=. _{N¢Ád{ p}m{=_} N{ö~t 49 q}_{=. j²=Q}n¨o¾ p{¨¨Þ~tp{¨¨n¨ 56 q}_{=. ~v=b{¨p{¦n¨ 44 q}_{=. ~v=b{¨p{¦nd{¨ ù¨m{¨ I øc{=Q} zem¢zvm¢=T{Q{nm{¨? ù¨ p{m{zt T{ªÐzt¨=Z· f}N¢Ðu}d+ @=Z· BÞu}ø¨Ðu}=Q} ù¨ @p{Q}zvd{ @ð~eÐzt¨d{Ôb¢. @b¢ N}b{¨ N{b} @ztn¨ zt=Q{î. N{iËZ¡ ù¨ Ûzeq{ÔN{¨ B=_{N{=Z· ztp{¨|c}d{p{¨N{Ám{o¶b{¨.